Book Chapters Animated Pedagogical Agents in Knowledge-Based Learning Environments James C. Lester, Charles B. Callaway, Joel P. Gregoire, Gary D. Stelling, Stuart G. Towns and Luke S. Zettlemoyer. In Smart Machines in Education, Forbus, K. and Feltovich, P. (eds.), AAAI press, Menlo Park, CA, pp. 269-298, 2001. (abstract) Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents James Lester, Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, Jennifer Voerman and Patrick FitzGerald. In Embodied Conversational Agents, Cassell, J., Sullivan, J., Prevost, S. and Churchill, E. (eds.), MIT Press, Boston, pp. 123-154, 2000. (abstract, Word version, pdf version) Automating Judicial Document Drafting: A Discourse-Based Approach Karl Branting, James Lester and Charles Callaway. In Judicial Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Sartor, G. and Branting, K. (Eds.), pp. 7-45, Kluwer Academic Press, 1998. (see journal article above)

Conference Papers Evaluating Coverage for Large Symbolic NLG Grammars Charles Callaway. In Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2003), pages 811-817, Acapulco, Mexico, August 2003. (abstract, html version, ps version, compressed version, pdf version) Integrating Discourse Markers into a Pipelined Natural Language Generation Architecture Charles Callaway. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2003), pages 264-271, Sapporo, Japan, July 2003. (abstract, ps version, compressed version, pdf version) Pronominalization in Generated Discourse and Dialogue Charles Callaway. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2002), pages 88-95, Philadelphia, PA, July 2002. (abstract, ps version, compressed version, pdf version) Narrative Prose Generation Charles Callaway and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2001), pp. 1241-1248, Seattle, WA, August 2001. (abstract, ps version, compressed version, pdf version) Evaluating the Effects of Natural Language Generation Techniques on Reader Satisfaction Charles Callaway and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2001), pp. 164-169, Edinburgh, UK, August 2001. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Student-Sensitive Multimodal Explanation Generation for 3D Learning Environments Brent Daniel, William Bares, Charles Callaway, and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1999), pp. 114-120, Orlando, Florida, July 1999. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Also appears in Working Notes of the AAAI Symposium on Smart Graphics, AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Stanford University, March 2000. Integrating Discourse and Domain Knowledge for Document Drafting Karl Branting, Charles Callaway, Bradford Mott, and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 214-220, Oslo, Norway, July 1999. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Generating Coordinated Natural Language and 3D Animations for Complex Spatial Explanations Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 1998), pp. 112-119, Madison, Wisconsin, July 1998. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Also appears in AAAI Workshop on Representations for Multi-modal Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 5-10, AAAI-98, Madison, Wisconsin, 1998. Coherent Gestures, Locomotion, and Speech in Life-Like Pedagogical Agents Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, Jennifer Voerman, and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 1998), pp. 13-20, San Francisco, January 1998. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Dynamically Improving Explanations: A Revision-Based Approach to Explanation Generation Charles Callaway and James Lester. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 1997), pp. 952-958, Nagoya, Japan, 1997. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Automated Drafting of Self-Explaining Documents Karl Branting, James Lester, and Charles Callaway. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, pp. 72-81, Melbourne, Australia, 1997. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version)

Ph.D. Dissertation Narrative Prose Generation Charles Callaway North Carolina State University, 284 pages, Raleigh, North Carolina, April 2000. (abstract, part 1 [pdf], part 2 [pdf] )

Symposium Papers A Computational Feature Analysis for Multilingual Character-to-Character Dialogue Charles Callaway In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics (CICLING), pp. 250-263, Mexico City, Mexico, February 2001. Published in Springer's Lecture Notes in AI. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Multilingual Natural Language Generation for 3D Learning Environments Charles Callaway, Brent Daniel, and James Lester In Proceedings of the Argentine Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 177-190, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 1999. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Robust Natural Language Generation from Large-Scale Knowledge Bases Charles Callaway and James Lester In Proceedings of the Fourth Bar-Ilan Symposium on Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 96-105, Jerusalem, Israel, June 1995. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version)

Workshop Papers Porting to an Italian Surface Realizer: A Case Study Alessandra Novello and Charles Callaway In Proceedings of the 9th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Budapest, Hungary, April 2003. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Multilingual Revision Charles Callaway In Proceedings of the 9th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Budapest, Hungary, April 2003. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Multilingual Generation for Museum Applications Alessandra Novello and Charles Callaway In Proceedings of the Workshop on Topics and Perspectives of Natural Language Processing in Italy, Pisa, 2003. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Do we need Deep Generation of Disfluent Dialogue? Charles Callaway In Proceedings of the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium on Natural Language Generation in Spoken and Written Dialogue, Stanford University, March 2003. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Towards Narrative-Centered Learning Environments Bradford Mott, Charles Callaway, Luke Zettlemoyer, Seung Lee and James Lester In Proceedings of the 1999 AAAI Fall Symposium on Narrative Intelligence, pp. 78-82, Cape Cod, Massachussetts, November 1999. (abstract, pdf version) Natural Language Generation Journeys to Interactive 3D Worlds James Lester, William Bares, Charles Callaway, and Stuart Towns In Proceedings of the Ninth International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, pp. 2-7, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada, August 1998. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents James Lester, Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway, and Patrick FitzGerald In Proceedings of the Workshop on Embodied Conversational Characters, pp. 67-76, Lake Tahoe, California, 1998. (abstract) Creating Lifelike Behaviors in Animated Pedagogical Agents James Lester, Charles Callaway, and Stuart Towns In Proceedings of the ITS-98 Workshop on Pedagogical Agents, pp. 27-32, San Antonio, 1998. Cosmo: A Life-like Animated Pedagogical Agent with Deictic Believability James Lester, Jennifer Voerman, Stuart Towns, Charles Callaway In Working Notes of the IJCAI '97 Workshop on Animated Interface Agents: Making Them Intelligent, pp. 61-69, Nagoya, Japan, August 1997. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version) Mixed Initiative Problem Solving with Animated Pedagogical Agents James Lester, Charles Callaway, Brian Stone, and Stuart Towns In Working Notes of the AAAI Symposium on Computational Models for Mixed Initiative Interaction, pp. 98-104, AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Stanford University, March 1997. (abstract, ps version, compressed ps, pdf version)